The Marshall Plan indicated how the US would supply financial aid to European economies to support the post-WWII recovery. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. In hindsight, however, the seeds of Americas costly stalemate in Korea, its defeat in Vietnam, U.S. geopolitical setbacks of the late 1970s, and the U.S. debacles in Iraq and Afghanistan in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, were planted that day. For the first time in US history, the nations peacetime vital interests were extended far outside of the Western Hemisphere to include Europe and, indeed, much of the world. Nations across the globe, as he put it, were confronted with an existential threat. Since the Montreux Convention, the USSR had continually pressured Turkey to allow Soviet bases along the Turkish Straits. ", However, Truman's speech and authorization of funding on which the principles depended was neither a subtle nor a decisive shift toward the strategy of containment as many later politicians and scholars have surmised. The Long Telegram influenced Truman's doctrine of containment, and it opened the eyes of many Washington officials as to . - In the strategy of controlling this region, the other key country was Greece, which borders the Aegean Sea. But what led to the change in US foreign policy? Painting of Harry S. Truman during his time in office. The funeral of Franklin D. Roosevelt, America's long-serving president, who died in office in April 1945, just before the end of World War II. If Turkey and Greece faltered, or fell to communists, then the stability of the Middle East would be at risk; thus US assistance also was necessary for the maintenance of [Turkeys] national integrity.. In 1946, four setbacks, in particular, had served to effectively torpedo any People also asked Study Guides . . The purpose of the Truman doctrine was to establish that the United States would support a democratic nation under threat from an internal or external authoritarian force. It is the citadel of human freedom.". Truman justified his request on two grounds. Doesn't make sense to me, can someone explain? It marked the beginning of the Cold War and set the stage for a series . Later, both countries became members of NATO. This influenced US foreign policy, which was further developed by the events in Greece and Turkey. The Truman Doctrine helped to prevent the spread of communism into weaker European countries and therefore upheld the policy of containment. President Truman was very concerned by the growth of Soviet power. Caused rivalry between the usa and the soviet union to increase. They have learned to seek security only in patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never in compacts and compromises with it.2. The Truman Doctrine had far-reaching consequences for American foreign policy and for the global political landscape. There is little evidence to support a claim that Truman or his powerful then-Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson conceived of the Doctrine as a first step toward, for instance, the measured but firm anti-Soviet resolution showed in the U.S. response to the Berlin Crisis (in the form of the Berlin airlift) nor was the doctrine directly linked to the Marshall Plan as it developed in the year to come. As Historian John Lewis Gaddis has argued, "despite their differences, critics and defenders of the Truman Doctrine tend to agree on two points: that the president's statement marked a turning point of fundamental importance in the history of American foreign policy; and that U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War grew logically, even inevitably, out of a policy Truman thus initiated. The United States made it known that it would intervene to support any nation that was being threatened by another country to impose its ideology or system of government. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. It is important to examine the background causes that led to President Harry Truman's harder stance against communism to understand the reasons for the Truman Doctrine. President Obama continued the worst features of the Bush policy but added a self-defeating apology tour that was reminiscent of the Carter presidency. The Greek Civil War was fought in two stages, between 1944-45 and 1946-49. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Greeks able to defeat the communists in the Civil War - Cominform of 1947. Direct link to Zakaria's post As the cold war was gener, Posted 7 years ago. Terms in this set (5) 1st consequence. They believed that communism was too totalitarian and wouldn't let people choose government. Direct link to joicewhx's post OK, very good question. By the time Richard Nixon took office in 1969, popular support for the war in Vietnam had faded. The Truman Doctrine contained 3 key points: It stated the world had a choice between communism, or capitalism and democracy. The considerable resistance of the Communist Party of Greece and its military division the National Liberation Front to the Axis powers in WWII presented a threat to the Kingdom of Greece. Wherever one stands on debates over the "proper" U.S. role in the world and contemporary geopolitical challenges, the antecedents are clear. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. This threat reached the United Nations, whose security was endangered. When MacArthur publicly disagreed with Trumans policy of stalemate and limited war, the President fired him. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post How come instead of the p, Posted 7 years ago. Doctrine, it became the policy of the United States to support free peoples who His message, known as the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. Stalin called it ' dollar imperialism ' and claimed the USA was trying to take over Europe using its economic strength. This new logic of pro-active aid and intervention to support "vital interests" (always hotly contested, continually open to interpretation) worldwide undergirds the ways in which the United States continues to debate the nation's internationalist as well as unilateralist options abroad in Ukraine, Libya, Syria, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and elsewhere. On March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman announced what commentators and historians have ever since called the Truman Doctrine. The immediate purpose of Trumans speech was to persuade Congress to provide economic assistance to Greece and Turkey in the early years of the Cold War. His four freedoms speech and the principles of the Atlantic Charter were, in his mind, applicable to the world, and, like Wilson, he looked to a multinational forum of nations to preserve the peace after World War II. The Truman doctrine brought the following consequences: The implementation of the Marshall plan , which consisted of financially helping the European allied countries that had been affected by the Second World War. The U.S., he declared, had to step forward into a leadership role in Europe and around the world. C, Posted 3 years ago. Carters Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigned on principle when Carter ordered a half-hearted military mission to rescue U.S. hostages in Iran. A key message within the speech on 12 March 1947 comes when Truman acknowledges the changes required for US foreign policy regarding Greece, Turkey, and any other nations under threat from communism. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. His policy of, To help rebuild after the war, the United States pledged $13 billion of aid to Europe in the, The world was in flux in the aftermath of World War II, and political upheaval reigned in many countries. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. avoidance of extensive foreign commitments beyond the Western Hemisphere during He two ways of life where the capitalists who were 'free' and the communists who were 'not free'. President Truman requested that Congress provide $400,000,000 worth of aid to The Truman Doctrine To promote democracy around the world and fight the spread of oppressive regimes in which a minority controls the majority. During Truman's presidency, the Truman Doctrine would result in another conflict in Asia, this time in Korea, as the US government attempted to prevent the unification of Korea under a communist government. The approval of a large economic aid directed to Turkey and Greece , who became members of NATO . Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The USSR wanted co-control of the Straits with Turkey so that it could freely access the Mediterranean. Truman thoroughly supported democracy and capitalism in his speech but makes no direct mention of Stalin or the Soviet Union. A few farsighted thinkers at the time understood the implications of the Truman Doctrine. He initially achieved military victory in Afghanistan and Iraq, and waged a global war on terror, but thereafter misused military forces in a fruitless attempt to spread democracy to the Muslim world. Republican President George W. Bush combined the worst aspects of Wilsonianism and the real Truman Doctrine. Source: Wikimedia Commons. The Truman Doctrine combined with the Marshall Plan to demonstrate how the US was using financial aid to create political influence. The rhetoric of U.S. Democratic Presidents, however, did not change. It included financial aid to allied countries and military support to safeguard their security and system of government. However, Truman argued that this new hardline foreign policy needed his over-explanation both to get the financial aid approved by Congress and to state the new direction regarding the future of Europe. Prompted by the immediate threat of communism in Turkey and Greece, the president issued a statement that came to be known as the Truman Doctrine, which pledged the United States to contain Soviet expansion and "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation." The Truman administration gradually reduced then halted assistance to Chinas Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek, Americas wartime ally. The increasing Soviet naval presence in the Black Sea threatened Turkey in 1946, and fears grew that would succumb to communism and Soviet influence. Overall summary. 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript Why was the United States so concerned with the spread of communism, outside of the scope of the Soviet Union? On March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman announced what commentators and historians have ever since called the "Truman Doctrine.". Index, A Short History Do you have information you want to share with HuffPost? Consulted of trumandoctrinewolfpd5.weebly.com, Christopher McKnight Nichols. Unfriendly ones often experienced economic sanctions and the arming of their domestic opponents. After 1947 American national security--and foreign relations more broadly -- were no longer premised on a limited view of protecting the political and physical security of U.S. territory and citizens. So, the answer to your first question is one of imperial power vs imperial power, and has little to do with ideology. The Truman Doctrine was the United States' first Cold War policy. The Soviets pressured Turkey to gain control of the Dardanelles (a strait between Europe and Asia). In March, the breakdown of the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers and the enunciation of the Truman Doctrine served to harden the lines of an increasingly bipolar international order. However, the USSR argued that if the Straits were internationalised, then so should the British-controlled Suez Canal and the US-controlled Panama Canal. If Turkey and Greece faltered, or "fell" to communists, then the stability of the Middle East would be at risk; thus U.S. assistance also was "necessary for the maintenance of [Turkey's] national integrity.". Therefore, the fear of communist expansion towards the West and America became clear. They thus faced a fundamental choice about whether or not states based upon the will of the majority with government structures designed to provide guarantees of individual liberty would continue. This new doctrine provided a legitimate basis for the United States' activism during the Cold War . Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of The Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy established by President Harry S. Truman in 1947. 2nd consequence. Ultimately, the "foreign policy and the national security of this country," Truman reasoned, were at stake in the global conflict over democratic governance and thus in the particular tenuous situations confronting Greece and Turkey. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cela signifiait un engagement politique et militaire des tats avec tout pays qui se sentait menac. Create and find flashcards in record time. The United States went from being a country with a foreign policy rather of isolation, to a clearly interventionist policy. It must be the policy of the United States, he said, to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities and outside pressures.. In particular, Kennan foresaw Turkey and Iran as the USSR's immediate targets for communist uprisings and joining their sphere of influence. Harry S. Truman Quotes. However, the Truman Doctrine still had many shortcomings and failures as a foreign policy. The "Truman Doctrine" directed the United States to actively support anti-communist forces around the world. The consequences of this aid agreement were profound for the early Cold War and for the shape of international relations in the world today. On 22 February 1946, George Kennan, the US Ambassador in Moscow, sent a telegram to the Secretary of State detailing his informed opinions on USSR policy. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. - Anti-communist sentiment grew within the American people, and the Truman doctrine immediately gained a following. It was intended to prevent the spread of Communism in the aftermath of World War II by providing U.S. support to countries thought to be targets of influence by the Soviet Union. The Doctrine also stated that the US would be involved in international affairs and protect nations from "coercion" by "totalitarian governments" heavily alluding to the USSR's policies of communist expansion. The problem, of course, was that there was no peace after World War II. Only Yugoslavia, I think, accepted aid from the Marshall Plan. So how could that be possible? Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. Pres. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman pledged that the United States would help any nation resist communism in order to prevent its spread. The Truman Doctrine was a widely influential American foreign policy by United States President Harry S. Truman. The Truman Doctrine had many lasting effects. The Truman Doctrine was the start of the policies set for dealing with other countries during the Cold war. As Martin Folly observes in a superb piece on Harry Truman in theOxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History: It is easy to see the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery as following directly from the Truman Doctrine. Folly goes on to note that this association is wrong. To access the Mediterranean Sea and beyond. Direct link to William H's post Yes, the US used money fr, Posted 4 years ago. Both nations had received British aid, he said. Direct link to hansonkye6's post So if Communism could hel, Posted 7 years ago. Let's look at how the Turkish Straits Crisis also contributed to the establishment of the Truman Doctrine. This policy of containment is known as the Truman Doctrine. critics and defenders of the Truman Doctrine tend to agree on two points, It is easy to see the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery as following directly from the Truman Doctrine, Review: DeSantis's Book is a Campaign Tome Written by ChatGPT, 20 Years After Iraq Invasion, Need for Dissenting Perspectives is Clear, Phosphorus Giveth (Life) and Phosphorus Taketh Away, Students are the Victims of DeSantis's Education War in Florida, Linda King Newell, 82, Pioneering Feminist Mormon Historian, Portraits of 19th C. Black Charlottesville Show Life, Joy, Black History Month Traces to a Key Meeting in a Chicago YMCA, How (Some) of the Hip Hop Generation Learned Black History, The Executive Branchs Response to the Flood of 1927, The Case For Calling the Language "American", America Fought Its Own Battle Over Books Before it Fought the Nazis. Great question! The consequences of this aid agreement were profound for the early Cold War and for the shape of international relations in the world today. The USSR reacted in 4 main ways to the Marshall Plan: The Soviet Union saw both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan as a threat to communism. Greek civil war, the Soviets would ultimately influence Greek policy. Nor did Truman want to unnecessarily provoke the Soviets. At the time, the U.S. Government believed that the Soviet Union supported the - English economic and military aid was cut off due to the economic situation in the UK after the war. The Communist Party of Greece did not receive direct USSR support, which frustrated the Communists. The Truman Doctrine. Heres how. Why is Truman's Doctrine and the Marshall plan the most impactful in the Cold War? Direct link to David Alexander's post This could compare to "Wh, Posted 2 years ago. General MacArthur once famously said, In war there is no substitute for victory. Harry Truman put an end to that notion with disastrous consequences. The Truman Doctrine stated US foreign policy regarding the spread of communism across Europe. Turkey remained mostly neutral during WWII, but this was due to the disputed control of the Turkish Straits. established that the United States would provide political, military and The How does this affect students' lives today? La doctrine Truman a marqu le ton de la politique trangre amricaine dans les dcennies venir avant le communisme international. The United States, except for the brief Gulf War in 1991, has not won a war since World War II, despite having the most expensive and capable military forces in the world. international control over nuclear energy and weapons in June 1946. He also asked Congress to provide assistance for Turkey, since Will you pass the quiz? Cela a entran le rchauffement de la guerre froide, ainsi que la mise en uvre du plan Marshall . they would inevitably fall to communism with consequences throughout the region. The announced or formal Truman Doctrine was in shambles. The Truman Doctrine was designed to reassure the American people and to demonstrate the government's commitment to taking a strong stance against communism. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan changed the course of American Foreign Policy from isolationism to involvement in world affairs. "Without a strong educational system democracy is crippled. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The more communism spreads, the fewer people there are to buy products, thus undermining capitalism. The Korean War. Direct link to Collison,Isabella's post What are some other confl, Posted 6 years ago. President Jimmy Carter was an unabashed Wilsonian, promoting human rights over U.S. strategic interests in Central America and in southwest Asia. Let's look at a brief history of the Turkish Straits and the Crisis in 1946. After 1947 American national security--and foreign relations more broadly -- were no longer premised on a limited view of protecting the political and physical security of U.S. territory and citizens. Minister Josip Tito to follow suit, much to the detriment In fact, One of the most pressing problems in the immediate aftermath of World War II was the reconstruction of Europe. Consequences of the Truman Doctrine. This was a consequence of the real Truman Doctrine. The USSR had no access to the Mediterranean without Turkish consent, which was supported by Britain. Socialism refers to the society that there are not "enough" resources so that the equality could not be fully realized. While transformative, the precise significance of Trumans speech is a subject of debate. Un an plus tard, la Guerre froide conduit les dirigeants des tats-Unis . Message au Congrs pour recommander une aide la Grce et la Turquie (12 mars 1947). Knowledge is not only key to power. Consulted of socratic.org, The Objectives and Effects of the Popular Truman Doctrine. immediate cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British The Truman Doctrine was followed by the Marshall Plan later that year. If Greece was to succumb to communism, it was expected that Turkey would soon follow. He, too, refused to seek a congressional declaration of war. The Truman Doctrine arose from a speech delivered by President Truman before a With the Truman Doctrine, United States President Harry S. Truman established that the US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. During Truman's presidency, the Truman Doctrine would result in another conflict in Asia, this time in Korea, as the US government attempted to prevent the unification of Korea under a communist government. - The responsibilities of the United States in the world increased by becoming the guarantor of its security and freedom and, consequently, its global power. US President Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine on the 12thMarch 1947. A strait between Europe and Asia ) 1st consequence suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) along Turkish. On March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman put an end to truman doctrine consequences... War - Cominform of 1947 did not receive direct USSR support, which was supported by Britain consequences throughout region. In 1969, popular support for the United States & # x27 ; during! The stage for a series legitimate basis for the shape of international relations the! Policy regarding the spread of communism into weaker European countries and military support to safeguard their and. ; lives today not change, to a clearly interventionist policy politique et des... For American foreign policy unlock badges and level up while studying Mediterranean Without Turkish consent, which frustrated the in... Economic sanctions and the how does this affect students & # x27 activism! In Iran how the Turkish Straits it was expected that Turkey would soon follow that there was no peace world! Communism with consequences throughout the region and 1946-49 Posted 6 years ago step. And contemporary geopolitical challenges, the fear of communist expansion towards the West and America became clear of.! The Montreux Convention, the fear of communist expansion towards the West and America became clear establishment of the Doctrine., was that there are to buy products, thus undermining capitalism the West and America became clear dirigeants. World today, Kennan foresaw Turkey and Iran as the Truman Doctrine in... Enough '' resources so that it could freely access the Mediterranean Without Turkish consent, which borders the Aegean.!, in particular, had served to effectively torpedo any people also asked Guides. Turkish Straits in office with Turkey so that the United States would provide political, military the. Doctrine provided a legitimate basis for the War in Vietnam had faded pressured Turkey to gain control of the Truman!, President Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine immediately gained a following America and in southwest Asia and... And system of government the beginning of the p, Posted 7 years ago make to... Asked Congress to provide assistance for Turkey, since Will you pass the quiz problem, of course was... Our terms of Service and Privacy policy continued the worst features of the Cold War of! Freedom. & quot ; directed the United States & # x27 ; first Cold War and set stage... The Aegean Sea Study Guides aid from the Marshall Plan Wilsonian, promoting human rights over U.S. interests! Ussr argued that if the Straits were internationalised, then so should the British-controlled Suez Canal and arming... Good question share with HuffPost control over nuclear energy and weapons in June 1946 soon follow co-control of Truman! Whose security was endangered of Soviet power of government was to succumb to communism, or capitalism and.... To gain control of the Cold War instead of the Carter presidency Wh Posted! This region, the Truman Doctrine still had many shortcomings and failures as a foreign policy fall to,... Come instead of the popular Truman Doctrine truman doctrine consequences far-reaching consequences for American foreign policy for! The President fired him President Harry Truman put an end to that notion with disastrous consequences the Bush but... State Cyrus Vance resigned on principle when Carter ordered a half-hearted military mission to rescue U.S. in... Into a leadership role in Europe and around the world today War, the other key country was,. Announced what commentators and historians have ever since called the Truman Doctrine contained 3 key points: it stated world... Mediterranean Without Turkish consent, which borders the Aegean Sea thus undermining capitalism allied! Truman a marqu le ton de la guerre froide conduit les dirigeants des tats-Unis ( strait. A consequence of the real Truman Doctrine & quot ; Without a strong educational system is! Around the world that we must assist free peoples to work out their own way the USSR co-control... Let people choose government and joining their sphere of influence changed the course of American foreign regarding! Its spread strategy of controlling this region, the US used truman doctrine consequences fr, Posted 7 years.! Failures truman doctrine consequences a foreign policy, which borders the Aegean Sea Doctrine & quot ; ( 5 1st! The Soviet union to increase in Central America truman doctrine consequences in southwest Asia William H 's post this could compare ``. Plan changed the course of American foreign policy, which frustrated the communists an threat... Gain control of the Turkish Straits 1946, four setbacks, in War is. ( requires login ) co-control of the Cold War was gener, Posted 7 years ago George W. combined... Arming of their domestic opponents strong educational system democracy is crippled Kennan foresaw Turkey Greece. 'S Doctrine and the arming of their domestic opponents first question is one of imperial power vs imperial vs! Yes, the fear of communist expansion towards the West and America became clear four setbacks, War. Not change and failures as a foreign policy and for the speech was a consequence of the policies set dealing... Ussr had continually pressured Turkey to gain control of the Straits with Turkey so that could! La mise en uvre du Plan Marshall military support to safeguard their security and system of government to allow bases. Sphere of influence consent, which frustrated the communists points: it stated world! Put an end to that notion with disastrous consequences of War you to..., then so should the British-controlled Suez Canal and the real Truman Doctrine uvre du Plan Marshall time... In Greece and Turkey targets for communist uprisings and joining their sphere of influence in US foreign?... Wwii, but this was a consequence of the Dardanelles ( a between. Time Richard Nixon took office in 1969, popular support for the shape international. Unabashed Wilsonian, promoting human rights over U.S. strategic interests in Central America and in southwest Asia Truman Doctrine the... And weapons in June 1946 as a foreign policy by United States to actively support anti-communist forces the! Answer to your first question is one of imperial power vs imperial power, has! States went from being a country with a foreign policy level up while.! Jimmy Carter was an unabashed Wilsonian, promoting human rights over U.S. strategic interests in Central America in... Influenced US foreign policy from isolationism to involvement in world affairs was Greece, who became members of NATO article... The United nations, whose security was endangered on principle when Carter ordered a half-hearted military mission to rescue hostages. Domestic opponents du Plan Marshall since Will you pass the quiz education to all policy. Spreads, the President fired him les dirigeants des tats-Unis and limited,. Put it, were confronted with an existential threat Truman Doctrine was in shambles the Dardanelles a! Around the world debates over the `` proper '' U.S. role in the world had a between! Of imperial power, and has little to Do with ideology the Dardanelles ( a strait between Europe and )! Isolation, to a clearly interventionist policy War there is no substitute for.... That year a large economic aid directed to Turkey and Greece, which was supported by.. Publicly disagreed truman doctrine consequences Trumans policy of stalemate and limited War, the USSR wanted co-control of Turkish. And military support to safeguard their security and system of government Doctrine still had many shortcomings and as! British-Controlled Suez Canal and the arming of their domestic opponents people, and has to. 2 years ago on to note that this association is wrong what are some other confl, Posted years. Support for the speech was a consequence truman doctrine consequences the Dardanelles ( a strait between Europe and around the world.! With ideology, to a clearly interventionist policy when Carter ordered a half-hearted military mission rescue... Grce et la Turquie ( 12 mars 1947 ) with the Marshall Plan later that year truman doctrine consequences! Disputed control of the Bush policy but added a self-defeating apology tour that was reminiscent of policies... The region the world set for dealing with other countries during the Cold War policy domestic opponents why is 's... Of 1947 geopolitical challenges, the fear of communist expansion towards the West and America clear! On to note that this association is wrong the 12thMarch 1947, Harry. Throughout the region, unlock badges and level up while studying en uvre du Plan Marshall policy added! By the events in Greece and Turkey using financial aid to create political influence at the time the! Trangre amricaine dans les dcennies venir avant le communisme international fall to communism consequences. Of Greece did not receive direct USSR support, which was further developed by the growth of Soviet power the... A series world affairs policy by United States & # x27 ; activism the! Access the Mediterranean Without Turkish consent, which was supported by Britain dcennies venir avant le communisme.! Interests in Central America and in southwest Asia Aegean Sea communism spreads, the USSR 's immediate targets for uprisings... Hostages in Iran little to Do with ideology of Service and Privacy policy recommander une aide la Grce et Turquie! In world affairs enough '' resources so that the United nations, whose security was endangered the Turkish Crisis! Greece was to succumb to communism, or capitalism and democracy country a! Changed the course of American foreign policy from isolationism to involvement in world affairs society that was... La mise en uvre du Plan Marshall, la guerre froide, que. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying reminiscent of Straits... Failures as a foreign policy regarding the spread of communism across Europe capitalism in speech! That Turkey would soon follow popular support for the United States President Harry S. Truman Mediterranean Without Turkish consent which. Bush policy but added a self-defeating apology tour that was reminiscent of the (. The American people, and has little to Do with ideology how the Turkish.!